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Acute cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder. The most common cause of acute cholecystitis is gallstones (calculous cholecystitis) blocking the duct that drains the gallbladder (cystic duct). This means bile cannot drain from the gallbladder, causing pain, nausea, vomiting and fever. Acalculous cholecystitis is a less common, but usually more serious, cause of acute cholecystitis. It usually develops as a complication of a serious illness, infection or injury that damages the ...

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There are various treatments for colorectal cancer, including resection, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Treatment choice depends on the type of cancer, location and staging. The radicality of resection is the most important prognostic factor for survival. About 5% to 20% of people with colorectal cancer have locally advanced disease, in which the cancer has invaded nearby tissues. After primary resection to remove the tumour, it returns in the same place in about 5% to 20% of people. Evidence ...

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Current care: Targeted biopsies, which take only a small number of tissue samples , are done for suspicious lesions identified by MRI. A systematic biopsy approach, in which multiple samples are taken from different regions of the left and right side of the prostate, can be done alongside a targeted biopsy. This can be done if radiologists are unsure if the lesion is malignant and clinical suspicion of cancer is high. Clinical experts explained that the biopsy approach depends on the ...

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Lung cancer is one of the most common types of cancer. It causes symptoms such as persistent cough, coughing up blood, and feeling short of breath. People in the early stages of the disease may not have symptoms, so lung cancer is often diagnosed late. Detecting lung nodules could help find lung cancer early. Lung nodules can be seen on a chest computed tomography scan. The scan may be done because of signs and symptoms that suggest lung cancer, or as part of targeted lung health checks. ...

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NICE

High spinal cord injuries can damage the nerves that control breathing and cause chronic respiratory failure. Standard care for managing chronic respiratory failure in people with high spinal cord injuries includes non-invasive forms of ventilation support (such as bi-level positive airway pressure). In advanced stages of respiratory failure, mechanical ventilation is done through a permanent tracheostomy. Phrenic nerve pacing is an alternative treatment for people who have intact phrenic ...